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The two modes that define scales, tones, and keys. The major mode is typically bright and happy, while the minor mode is more somber and dark. 

Tones played one after another in order from highest to lowest or lowest to highest 

The smallest gap between two notes is a half-step. A whole step (also known as a whole tone) has a gap twice the size of a half step/semitone.

The gap between two notes of the same level name but are one "level" apart from each other; in other words, the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency.

A scale in which all the tones of a major key are played in order from either highest to lowest or lowest to highest.

A scale in which all of the notes of a minor key are played in order from either highest to lowest or lowest to highest.

Three or more tones played simultaneously. 

A chord made up of three notes is known as a triad. This is the most common kind of chord.

Playing the tones of a chord separately instead of all at once. 

A pattern/series of chords played one right after another